Climate change widespread, rapid, and intensifying, major report finds

Changes in the Earth’s climate caused by human activity are being observed in every region and across the whole climate system, according to a major international report released today.

For the past three years, Leeds researchers have worked with hundreds of experts from across the world to deliver the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, which examines the physical science basis of climate change.

Many of the changes they have observed in the climate are unprecedented in thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of years. Some of the changes already set in motion, such as continued sea level rise, are irreversible over hundreds to thousands of years.

But according to the report, which numbered four Univerisity of Leeds experts among its authors, strong and sustained reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases would limit climate change, with global temperatures stabilising within 20 to 30 years.

If the world can substantially reduce emissions in the 2020s and get to net-zero CO₂ emissions by 2050, temperature rise can still be limited to 1.5°C.

Director of the Priestley International Centre for Climate, Professor Piers Forster, co-ordinating lead author, spent the past fortnight in a virtual approval session to agree the final document.

Professor Forster said: “The bad news is that a low level of future warming can now be ruled out.

“But the good news is that if the world can substantially reduce emissions in the 2020s and get to net-zero CO₂ emissions by 2050, temperature rise can still be limited to 1.5°C.”

The 1.5°C target was established by the Paris Agreement in 2015, committed to by nearly 200 nations.

Though some progress has been made, the authors of the latest report are clear: unless there are immediate, rapid and large-scale reductions in emissions, the 1.5°C target will be out of reach.

Of the negotiation process, Professor Forster said: “It’s been quite strange negotiating with 190 counties or so from your kitchen, interrupted by parcel deliveries and children.”

Dr Amanda Maycock, Director of the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, and Suraje Dessai, Professor of Climate Change Adaptation, were also lead authors. Dr Chris Smith, NERC-IIASA Collaborative Research Fellow, was involved in developing simpler climate models that were used throughout report and was a contributing author across multiple chapters.

Cutting edge science

The IPCC is the leading world body for assessing the science related to climate change, its impacts and potential future risks, and possible response options.

This is the first major assessment of the latest science since 2013. It draws on multiple lines of evidence, including computer models, physical observations, and theoretical understandings.

Chancellor of the University of Leeds, Professor Dame Jane Francis, said: “This latest IPCC report is the state-of-the-art assessment concerning regional and global climate change and is only possible by integrating all the relevant scientific findings to date.”

Professor Forster, who has been involved in several previous assessment reports said: “For the first time we are really able to quantify the role of feedback loops with a high degree of certainty.

“Even more importantly, we use this knowledge gleaned from theory to make projections of temperature. This leads to a substantial narrowing in uncertainty for our future predictions of climate change.”

Under all scenarios examined in the report, global surface temperature will continue to increase until at least 2050. Unless deep reductions in CO₂ and other greenhouse gas emissions occur in the coming decades, global warming 2°C will be exceeded during the 21st century.

With every additional increment of global warming, weather extremes like heatwaves, heavy rainfall, and drought, many of which are already being experienced across parts of the world, will become more intense and frequent. This will have widespread impacts on all aspects of human society, from agriculture to transport.

Informing global policy

This report is released ahead of the much-anticipated COP26 negotiations in Glasgow in November, and the findings have particular significance for decision-makers.

“The focus must now be on maximizing near term action at COP26” said Professor Forster.

“We need to reduce emissions as fast as possible and achieve global net-zero as soon as possible to limit the risks of the feedbacks that we don’t yet have a clear enough picture on.”

COP26 will bring together heads of state, climate experts and campaigners to agree coordinated action to tackle climate change. Today’s report will put further pressure on securing ambitious and tangible outcomes from the negotiations.

“This report is a reality check,” said IPCC Working Group I Co-Chair Valérie Masson-Delmotte. “We now have a much clearer picture of the past, present and future climate, which is essential for understanding where we are headed, what can be done, and how we can prepare.”

Future work

The report released today is the first in a series of three reports that make up the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). Leeds researchers are also involved in the remaining two reports from Working Group II and Working Group III which are due for release in February and March 2022 respectively. A final Synthesis Report scheduled for September 2022.

Priestley Chair in Climate and Health, Professor Lea Berrang Ford, is a lead author for Working Group II which looks at impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Working Group III covers mitigation of climate change, with Priestley Chair in Interdisciplinary Climate Research, Professor Jason Lowe, as review editor.

 

Further information

The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, is now available online.

For media enquiries contact Lauren Ballinger in the University of Leeds Press Office.